Theocracy As The Cause Of The Salem Witch Trials - 1025 Words

Theocracy as the Cause of the Salem Witch Trials The Crucible by Arthur Miller is a play that shows how the Salem witch trials unfold. As a Puritan society, Salem functions as a theocracy. Unlike today s United States government in which Church and State are entirely separate entities, a theocracy is essentially the Church acting as the government. Because of the theocratic nature of Salem s governing body, religion plays a principal role in the lives of every character and has a major effect on the progression of the plot. In The Crucible, theology is used as a tool to accomplish ulterior motives of greed and vengeance, allowing the witch trials to gain momentum. The theocratic governing body in Salem is ultimately responsible for the witch trials due to laws based on religion rather than reason that are enforced by a corrupt criminal justice system. In the Puritan society, laws are based purely on biblical teaching, even if they are not grounded in logic. For example, the illegality of dance is irrational, since dance poses no harm, but due to Puritan teachings against it, dancing is against the law. Abigail Williams and several other young girls begin the momentum of witchcraft accusations after they were found dancing in the woods. Although they had done other, presumably worse, things than dancing, the fact that their simple, childish act is worthy of legal punishment is incredibly unreasonable. Their behavior prompts several accusations of witchcraft by theShow MoreRelatedArthur Millers Crucible Characters and Social Strife Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesArthur Miller’s The Crucible presents the fact that every action has a consequence. The playwright uses his characters and the choices they make to demonstrate what happens in the town of Salem, Massachusetts. The corrupt interests of the Putnams, Abigail, and the co urt opposing the common good lead to social strife in the town. The common townsfolk, such as the Putnams, take advantage of the situation, and they turn against their neighbors causing tears on the moral makeup of the town. The vengefulRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1842 Words   |  8 PagesA Crucible is a test trial, or a way to find the outcome through an experiment; A crucible can be used for many things, including a preseason scrimmage or a science experiment during science class. Arthur Miller’s The Crucible is set in seventeenth century Salem, MA, during the Salem Witch Trials. In Act One, Miller explains the panic that is imbued in the community during the witch hunt, and he analyzes the inevitable outcome of a theocracy: collapse (7). Religion and government are two oppositeRead MoreThe Red Scare And The Salem Witch Trials1226 Words   |  5 PagesScare and the Salem Witch Trials were both tragic events that turned everyone against each other based on weak testimonies. Many respected people lost their lives because of t his abnormal widespread fear. To make it more alarming, once accused it was extremely difficult to get one’s name cleared because there was very little room for rebuttal. Many factors that caused such a violent outcome of the Salem Witch trials including the dissension among citizens, the repressed girls of Salem and the PuritanRead MoreThe War Of Good Vs Evil1292 Words   |  6 Pagesthat occur in Salem by creating an internal conflict over which side is actually good and which side is actually evil amongst the townspeople. This has a sort of ripple effect on their decisions throughout the course of the story which is important because Miller demonstrates how one decision can have an enormous impact. Taking place in a Puritan society during 1692, the townspeople saw the world around them in terms of good versus evil. With theocracy as the form of government in Salem, that meantRead More Salem Lifestyle Triggers Death Essay1660 Words   |  7 PagesSalem Lifestyle Triggers Death The Salem Witchcraft Trials were part of an important time in colonial history. Taking place in 1692, the trials were triggered by a group of girls gathering to read palms. What started as a session of innocent palm readings, though, turned into a series of courtroom meetings. The trials resulted in chaos and disruption throughout the town of Salem. Various causes for the trials existed, but among these reasons were the religious state of the community, theRead More Arthur Dimmesdale and John Proctors Guilt and Sin Essay1277 Words   |  6 PagesDimmesdale, a man suffering in a past sin. Likewise, in his play The Crucible, the great modern playwright, Arthur Miller, penned the character of John Proctor to allegorize the dangers of moral passivity. Their guilt and repentance were the primary causes of their â€Å"undoing†. Dimmesdale and Proctor were both martyrs to their sin. More specifically, they were both martyrs to the sin of adultery. Being a man of the cloth, this was especially painful for Dimmesdale. How could â€Å"a ruined soul likeRead MoreThe Worth of Men1656 Words   |  7 PagesCrucible is a play narrating the Salem Witch Trials in 1692. The story mainly focuses on the evolution of John Proctor, a humble farmer in Salem, Massachusetts during the Witch Trials. In the beginning of the play, Proctor is characterized as a hypocrite hating, yet pragmatic realist. This is ironic because he himself is a hypocrite regarding his â€Å"affair† with Abigail, his former maid who later causes the entire system of Salem to be corrupt. Yet, unlike many others in Salem, Proctor completely realizesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Crucible 1364 Words   |  6 Pages Themes A theme in The Crucible is that a society ruled by theocracy and status based on religion is bound to fall apart. Salem s strict adherence to the Christian shurch is evident in everything the citizens do. They use measures of a person s knowledge and adherence to the religion as a means of judging their character and also their status in society. They believe God [was] provoked so grandly by such a petty cause (121), which is why the jails are packed (121). If the citizen didRead More‘the Crucible’ and ‘the Island’ - Belonging Essays1121 Words   |  5 Pagesfeeling of being accepted or included by a certain group, person, place or community. While initially an individual may belong to a community or group, speaking their opinion can seclude them, and cause them to become an outsider. Belonging to a community or group can be very beneficial, and not belonging can cause an individual to face consequences. Hysteria and fear can be caused throughout a communit y by outsiders who don’t belong. We are able to view these experiences of belonging and not belongingRead MoreThe Value Of Reputation In Arthur Millers The Crucible994 Words   |  4 PagesIn Arthur Miller’s dramatic play The Crucible, the notable writer successfully argues that the people in Salem rely too much on their reputation by creating a connection to the audience in order to convey the message. He does this in hopes of informing the world that in times of hysteria, reputation means nothing. To prove the argument, Miller uses ethos by developing his credibility when he explains his very own knowledge of the historical situation. Also, the appeals of logos and pathos are evident

Classical Political Economy Of Social Democracy - 1288 Words

John Maynard Keynes Jose Antonio Cova Principles of Economics (Macro) 2013 Professor Sealey September 27,2014 Keynes, one of the bastions of classical political economy of social democracy, was born in 1883 in Cambridge. After studying at Eton and graduating as an economist at Cambridge University, he went to work in the British India Office. Contact with the performance of the Indian economy was the basis of his first work, the money and finance in India, published in 1913 and well known then. During the course of World War I (1914-1918) worked for the Treasury, and after completion of this represented England at the Paris Conference in 1919 she railed fiercely against financial compensation imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles, and so forth in The Economic consequences of the Peace (1919), a work in which he warned of the risk that Germany took refuge in militarism and economic nationalism to avoid crisis. During the 20s, Keynes set out to make money by speculating in currencies, teaching at Cambridge and write three works: the Treaty of probabilities, a book about mathematics an d the Treaty of money. In 1936 published what would be his most important work, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. It sets out the broad outlines of a new economic policy that constitute the mainstay of social democratic premises, and in this work we will deal later. Shortly after the entry of Britain in World War II came to light your work How to pay for the warShow MoreRelatedNz Ideology Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesGovernment Essay Question - Do political parties in New Zealand follow this Ideology? Choose three specific policy commitments each from different New Zealand political parties and discuss the extent to which the policies reflect a clear ideology. It is important for New Zealand parties to have a clear ideology and policies since the 2014 election is coming up. Ideology typically refers to a series of political beliefs, ethical ideals or principles. Do these New Zealand parties follow theseRead MoreThe Development of Liberalism throught the Ages1377 Words   |  6 Pages â€Æ' In this paper, an attempt has been made to capture the journey from classical liberalism and its transformation down the ages. The idea of liberalism originated in Europe with the thoughts of political philosophers like J.S. Mill, Herbert Spencer, John Locke. They were of the opinion that state activities can regulate an individual in so far as it aids towards his self expression and individual action. They also said that states were supposed to help economic transaction by controllingRead MoreLiberalism Is The Root Of Our American Soil Essay1217 Words   |  5 Pagesit comes to our economic ways, and political rights; liberalism is the root of our American soil. 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In the nineteenth century liberals were often opposed to democracy as they saw it as a threat to individual rights - the people are not a single entity but rather a collection of individuals with different opinions and interests, and so it is impossible for every view and opinion to be respected. SinceRead MoreThe Future Of The European Union1620 Words   |  7 PagesRights – are designed to force us into a conversation, a â€Å"deliberative democracy† in which all citizens are required to engage in a process of testing their ideas against an external reality, persuading others of their point of view, and building shifting alliances of consent. Barack Obama, 2006 â€Æ' 1.0 Introduction In the past years, the possible future of the European Union (EU) has been of increasing interest to social and political scientists as well as the public. Since 2008, the EU has experienced

Polymer Science

Question: Discuss about thePolymer Science. Answer: History of Polymer Polyether ether ketone is thermoplastic polymer, used in the engineering applications. This organic compound belongs to linear aromatic polyether ketone family known as polyaryletherketone (PAEK) family. PEEK polymer was invented by ICI (Imperial chemicals industries) in the year 1982, which is an aromatic polyketone. ICI revealed that the prospective for excellent features of PEEK and test marketing was carried out in 1978, after 1 year of the development of the material. In 1993, ICI sold PEEK business to Victrex plc via a management buyout, at that time, till several years, PEEK was the only commercial manufacturer as well as supplier of PEEK in the market. In, 1990, the volume for polyketone was 500,000 lbs per year, which was estimated to reach 3 to 4 million by 2000 (Goodson et al., 2012), this data is also highlighted by Olabis (2012) and Isayev (1991). Victrex PEEK has an annual production capacity is about 2800 tonnes, however, due to its excellent properties, demand is enha ncing. According to the analysis in October 1998, cost for aromatic polyketone is $30 per round. There are other companies, which have started manufacturing PEEK to meet the market demands. Structure and Synthesis Polyetheretherketone is a semicrystaline, high temperature engineering thermoplastic, used as matrix polymer for high performance composites. The structural chemical formula of the aromatic crystalline compound is [-oxy-1,4-phenylene-oxy-1,4-phenylene-carbonyl-1,4-phenylene-]. The density of this compound is 1320 kg/m3. The study of crystalline structure of PEEK has shown that due to very high nucleation density of PEEK on fibre surface, crystal growth unimpeded in the path normal to fibre axis, which is the reason behind transcrystallinity development. At the time of transcrystallinity, lamellae are arranged in a perpendicular position to the fibre axis, thereby representing optical properties of transcrystallinity (Fortney Fossum, 2012; Ward, 2012). Figure: Structure of PEEK (Source: Goodson et al., 2012) PEEK polymer is obtained through step-growth polymerization by dialkylation of bisphenolate salts. The typical reaction of PEEK synthesis involve 4,4'-difluorobenzophenone (DFBP) and disodium salt of hydroquinone (HQ), hydroquinone. The disodium salt of hydroquinone is prepared in situ through the deprotonation with sodium carbonate. The main reaction occurs at 300 C in polar aprotic solvent or anhydrous potassium carbonate (K2CO3) respectively, under microwave irradiation; mostly used solvent is diphenyl sulphone. Figure: Synthesis of PEEK (Source: Ashrafi et al., 2012) 3. Properties of Peek Due to PEEKs robust properties, its demand is increasing. Several superlatives can be used for demonstrating PEEKs properties, as it is the best performing thermoplastic polymer. The polymer has unique physical, chemical, mechanical, thermal and electrical properties, which are enhancing its compatibility to be used in different applications (Rudin Choi, 2012). Chemical Properties of Peek PEEK has excellent chemical resistance properties, which are retained in the polymer till very high temperature. This property is making PEEK an ideal material to be used as a magnetic stir bar in high mechanical stress induced application. The polymer is exceptionally resistant to most organic and inorganic chemicals. However, in concentrated anhydrous or strong oxidizing agents, the polymer loses its chemical resistance and dissolved. The aromatic polymer has is extremely resistant to hydrolysis in hot water and it remains unchanged after thousand hours at about 250C at high pressure in water. However, the compound is not highly resistant to UV radiation, however, it consist notable resistance towards X rays, beta rays and excellent resistance towards gamma rays, which is estimated as 1000 Mrad, instead of losing its mechanical properties. Several researchers have investigated the compatibility of PEEK with many chemicals at 20 C (68 F) and revealed an A grade rating in most of the chemicals. In addition, the compound has a very high compatibility with approximately any kinds of solvents used in HPLC (Ehrenstein, 2012; Manson, 2012) This information is also supported by Fries and Zarfl (2012). However, the compound is attacked by concentrated nitric and sulphuric acid, though PEEK tubing can resist 20-30 % nitric acid, during system passivating. In contrast, THF, methylenechloride and DMSO can make the compound to swell. The highest temperature at which the polymer PEEK can maintain its tubing and pressure rating is 100C. It has a thermal expansion of 3.000 and heat deflection temperature is 340 F. These properties enhance the opportunity for sterilization; along with its excellent biocompatibility, the compound has become a pivotal candidate for medical applications. Physical Properties of Peek PEEK is a semicrystalline thermoplastic, having a density of 1320 kg/m3. The processing condition during molding of PEEK promotes the crystallinity property of the compound, thereby facilitating its mechanical properties. This molding pressure is a significant processing property of the polymer, which is 0.011. Its glass transition temperature is 143 C (289 F) and meting point is approximately 343 C (662 F). The useful operating temperature for this polymer is up to 250 C (482 F). Between its room temperature and solidus temperature, the thermal conductivity enhances nearly linearly against temperature. The polymer is optically opaque. It has a maximum water absorption rate of 0.1 to 0.14 % (Ashrafi et al., 2012). The polymer has good oxidation resistance, UV resistance, alkaline resistance and acid resistance properties. Mechanical Properties of Peek PEEK has excellent mechanical resistance, which is influenced by its physical properties. PEEK has a tensile strength of 10,000 psi to 15,000 psi, a tensile module of 500K. It has a tensile elongation percentage of 30 to 150 %. On the other hand, impact strength is 0.6 to 2.2 ft-lb/in. PEEEK has a hardness of R120 and CLTE of 10-6mm/mm/C. Flexural strength is 17,500 Psi and flexural modulus is 0.50 Psi. Tensile strength of the compound is 90 to 100 MPa and the youngs modulus is 3.6 GPa. Thermal Properties of Peek The PEEK has an excellent thermal capability and can with stand am temperature up to 250 degree Celsius. The compound also has the property to resistance to burning and lower flame spread. The Limiting Oxygen Index is 35%, which cause lower smoke generation even when burning of the material occurs. Thus, it can use as a useful engineering material Uses of Peek PEEK is used for fabricating items used in different demanding application, due to its robustness; these applications include bearings, piston parts, HPLC column, pumps, cable insulation and compressor plate valves. It has a good UV resistance property, thus it is compatible with ultra-high vacuum applications. The polymer is being considered as an advanced biomaterial having rapid opportunity to be used in medical implants. In spinal fusion devices and reinforcing rods, the use of PEEK is being increased. In aerospace, chemical and automotive industries are significantly using PEEK (Chawla, 2012). This is also supported by Hallmann et al., (2012). As the polymer has a mechanical property of maintaining its properties at very high temperature, it is being used in least two types of Reprap extruder for playing the role of thermal insulation (Heaton, 2012). Therefore, it can be said that the mechanical structure of extruder can be prepared by the substance that is being extruded; however, it should be assured that the PEEK insulator is preventing heat from travelling beyond the intended melt zone. In preparation of prosthetics, instruments and diagnostics, it is widely used in medical science. It is also used in making appliances like handles and cooking equipments. It is used for producing woven products for belting, filter and meshes. Due to the high chemical resistance power of PEEK, it can be used with adverse chemical agents and also due to the longer life power of the material they can be economical. Moreover, due to the capability of hydraulic resistance, the material has the power resist condition of high pressure and thus can be used in all adverse environmental situations. Environmental Impact of Peek PEEK is a notable polymer for reducing negative impact upon environment. A component that is minimizing environmental impact is ensuring that the component is safe for use and reliable. Appropriate use of PEEK in different application can enhance part like and reliability, during the reduction of equipment downtime. Excellent properties of PEEK provide a reliable alternative to petrochemical applications and thereby reducing the negative impacts of petrochemical applications. PEEK is lighter compared to other metals replaced by the compound; thereby it is directly reducing fuel consumption requirements. Moreover, significantly higher strength and stiffness it can be used in lighter-weight parts. PEEK plastic is easy to recycle and the recycled PEEK has significant applications (Ashrafi et al., 2012; Heaton, 2012; Shukla et al., 2012). Thus, it is an environment-friendly compound. Its toxicity is low, fire, smoke and toxic gas emission is also low, which makes it more reliable for usi ng in fire proof substances. PEEK has lower amount of toxicity as it is based on the lower amount of insolubility in water. Natural PEEK has lower amount of toxic element. As PEEK is very expensive material, it is important to recycle the usage of those materials. The thermosetting polymers can be used in the purpose of recycling and dispose of PEEK (Carraher Seymour, 2012). There is also the incineration process that helps to in non-combustible ways of disposing and recycling of PEEK. On the other hand, the mechanical non-combustion technique, which is based on comminuting and granulation, can help in the recycling process. All the chemical process of recycling of PEEK has proved to be effective and help to protect the environment. The recycled PEEK can prove to be economical and also is cost effective. Nevertheless, there is still higher potential for the application of recycled PEEK. This provides a wide chance of future research for the application of recycled PPEK. Reference List Ashrafi, B., Dez-Pascual, A. M., Johnson, L., Genest, M., Hind, S., Martinez-Rubi, Y., ... Johnston, A. (2012). Processing and properties of PEEK/glass fiber laminates: Effect of addition of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 43(8), 1267-1279. Carraher Jr, C. E., Seymour, R. B. (2012). StructureProperty Relationships in Polymers. Springer Science Business Media. Chawla, K. K. (2012). Composite materials: science and engineering. Springer Science Business Media. Ehrenstein, G. W. (2012). Polymeric materials: structure, properties, applications. Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH Co KG. Fortney, A., Fossum, E. (2012). Soluble, semi-crystalline PEEK analogs based on 3, 5-difluorobenzophenone: Synthesis and characterization. Polymer, 53(12), 2327-2333. Fries, E., Zarfl, C. (2012). Sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to low and high density polyethylene (PE). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 19(4), 1296-1304. Goodson, M. L., Farr, D., Keith, D., Banks, R. J. (2012). Use of two-piece polyetheretherketone (PEEK) implants in orbitozygomatic reconstruction. British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 50(3), 268-269. Hallmann, L., Mehl, A., Sereno, N., Hmmerle, C. H. (2012). The improvement of adhesive properties of PEEK through different pre-treatments. Applied Surface Science, 258(18), 7213-7218. Heaton, C. A. (Ed.). (2012). The chemical industry. Springer Science Business Media. Isayev, A. (1991). U.S. Patent No. 5,006,402. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Manson, J. A. (2012). Polymer blends and composites. Springer Science Business Media. Olabis, O. (2012). Polymer-polymer miscibility. Elsevier. Rudin, A., Choi, P. (2012). The Elements of Polymer Science Engineering. Academic Press. Shukla, D., Negi, Y. S., Uppadhyaya, J. S., Kumar, V. (2012). Synthesis and modification of poly (ether ether ketone) and their properties: a review. Polymer Reviews, 52(2), 189-228. Ward, I. M. (Ed.). (2012). Structure and properties of oriented polymers. Springer Science Business Media.